top of page

REFERENCES

  • @ELCA. (2022a). About the ELCA. http://www.elca.org/About

  • @ELCA. (2022b). Mission & Vision. @ELCA. http://www.elca.org/About/Mission and Vision

  • About the ELCA. (2023).  Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). http://elca.org/About

  • Alemayehu, E. (2021). The relationship between servant leadership and staff satisfaction in Ethiopian higher education: The case of Kotebe Metropolitan University. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 25(S2)), 1-13.

  • Allen, S. (2018). The science of generosity. A white paper prepared for the John Templeton Foundation by the Greater Good Science Center at UC Berkeley.

  • Amir, D. A., Santoso, C. B., & Primadineska, R. W. (2021). Implementation of servant leadership in profit and non-profit context: is it different? Diponegoro International Journal of Business, 4(1), 1-7.

  • Anderson, K. P. (2005). A correlational analysis of servant leadership and job satisfaction in a religious educational organization University of Phoenix].

  • Andreoni, J., & Payne, A. A. (2013). Charitable giving. In Handbook of public economics (Vol. 5, pp. 1-50). Elsevier.

  • Barbuto Jr, J. E., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership. Group & Organization Management, 31(3), 300-326.

  • Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2007). Generosity and philanthropy: A literature review. In: Report commissioned by the John Templeton Foundation.

  • Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2010). A Literature Review of Empirical Studies of Philanthropy: Eight Mechanisms That Drive Charitable Giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764010380927

  • Belk, R. (2007). Why not share rather than own? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 611(1), 126-140.

  • Bennett, D., & Hylton, R. (2020). Servant leadership: Is this the type of leadership for job satisfaction among healthcare employees? [Article]. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 210-212. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=147608594&site=ehost-live

  • Bhati, A., & Hansen, R. (2020). A literature review of experimental studies in fundraising. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 3(1).

  • Bordens, K. S., & Abbott, B. B. (2022). Research Design and Methods: A Process Approach. McGraw-Hill. https://books.google.com/books?id=x836zQEACAAJ

  • Canavesi, A., & Minelli, E. (2021). Servant leadership: A systematic literature review and network analysis. Employee responsibilities and rights journal, 1-23.

  • Caponigro, P. W. (2020). Servant leadership and the contemporary emergency manager in a multisector collaborative organization Walden University].

  • Chapman, C. M., Hornsey, M. J., & Gillespie, N. (2021). To what extent is trust a prerequisite for charitable giving? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50(6), 1274-1303.

  • Coetzer, M. F., Bussin, M., & Geldenhuys, M. (2017). The Functions of a Servant Leader [Article]. Administrative Sciences (2076-3387), 7(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci7010005

  • Collett, J. L., & Morrissey, C. A. (2007). The social psychology of generosity: The state of current interdisciplinary research. Report for the John Templeton Foundation Generosity Planning Project, 15, 2008-2009.

  • Congregations. (2024).  Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). https://www.elca.org:443/About/Congregations

  • Cowell, J. M., Lee, K., Malcolm‐Smith, S., Selcuk, B., Zhou, X., & Decety, J. (2017). The development of generosity and moral cognition across five cultures. Developmental science, 20(4), e12403.

  • Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications. https://books.google.com/books?id=Pr2VEAAAQBAJ

  • Cronk, B. C. (2017). How to Use SPSS®: A Step-By-Step Guide to Analysis and Interpretation. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com/books?id=QOw9DwAAQBAJ

  • Definition of GENEROUS. (2022).  @MerriamWebster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/generous

  • Dennis, R., & Winston, B. E. (2003). A factor analysis of Page and Wong’s servant leadership instrument. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(8), 455-459.

  • Dennis, R. S., & Bocarnea, M. (2005). Development of the servant leadership assessment instrument. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26(8), 600-615.

  • Earnhardt, M. P. (2008). Testing a servant leadership theory among United States military members. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 1(2), 14.

  • Ehrhart, M. G. (1998). Servant-leadership: An overview and directions for future research. Working papen University of Maryland.

  • Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., Van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. The leadership quarterly, 30(1), 111-132.

  • Farrington, S. M., & Lillah, R. (2019). Servant leadership and job satisfaction within private healthcare practices. Leadership in Health Services, 32(1), 148-168.

  • Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature, 425(6960), 785-791.

  • Fridell, M., Newcom Belcher, R., & Messner, P. E. (2009). Discriminate analysis gender public school principal servant leadership differences. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30(8), 722-736.

  • Gavreliuc, A., Gavreliuc, D., & Semenescu, A. (2021). Beyond the façade of generosity—Regional stereotypes within the same national culture influence prosocial behaviors. PLoS One, 16(5), e0250125.

  • Giving USA Foundation. (2023). Giving USA 2023: The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the Year 2022. Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee7vzwEACAAJ

  • Graham, J. W. (1991). Servant-leadership in organizations: Inspirational and moral. The leadership quarterly, 2(2), 105-119.

  • Greenleaf, R. (1970). The Servant as Leader. In T. R. K. G. C. f. Servant-Leadership (Ed.).

  • Greenleaf, R. K. (1972). The Institution as Servant. Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership. https://books.google.com/books?id=6cfxPAAACAAJ

  • Greenleaf, R. K. (1975). Trustees as Servants. Center for Applied Studies. https://books.google.com/books?id=SVg6AAAAMAAJ

  • Greenleaf, R. K. (2009). The Institution as Servant. Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership. https://books.google.com/books?id=6cfxPAAACAAJ

  • Greenleaf, R. K., & Spears, L. C. (1998). The Power of Servant-leadership: Essays. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. https://books.google.com/books?id=5KRv7BSVi5gC

  • Greenleaf, R. K., & Spears, L. C. (2002). Servant Leadership: A Journey Into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness. Paulist Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=AfjUgMJlDK4C

  • Greenleaf, R. K., Spears, L. C., Covey, S. R., & Senge, P. M. (2002). Servant Leadership: A Journey Into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness. Paulist Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=AfjUgMJlDK4C

  • Gregory Stone, A., Russell, R. F., & Patterson, K. (2004). Transformational versus servant leadership: A difference in leader focus. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(4), 349-361.

  • Gultekin, H., & Dougherty, M. (2021). The relationship between servant leadership characteristics of school teachers and students’ academic achievement. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(2), 276-295.

  • Gur, S. S. (2017). Generosity at work: Generous identity, organizational context, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Charlotte, North Carolina.

  • Hasanuddin, B., Mustainah, M., & Buntuang, P. C. D. (2021). The influence of servant leadership on job satisfaction with individual character as a moderating variable. Problems and perspectives in management, 19(1), 445-455.

  • Herzog, P. S., & Price, H. E. (2016). American generosity: Who gives and why. Oxford University Press.

  • Herzog, P. S., Strohmeier, A., King, D. P., Khader, R. A., Williams, A. L., Goodwin, J. L., Doan, D. R., & Moyo, B. (2020). Religiosity and generosity: Multi-level approaches to studying the religiousness of prosocial actions. Religions, 11(9), 446.

  • Ho, A. (2006). Charitable Giving: What Makes a Person Generous?

  • Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., & Wu, D. (2018). Do ethical, authentic, and servant leadership explain variance above and beyond transformational leadership? A meta-analysis. Journal of management, 44(2), 501-529.

  • Irving, J. A., & Berndt, J. (2017). Leader Purposefulness within Servant Leadership: Examining the Effect of Servant Leadership, Leader Follower-Focus, Leader Goal-Orientation, and Leader Purposefulness in a Large U.S. Healthcare Organization [Article]. Administrative Sciences (2076-3387), 7(2), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci7020010

  • Irving, J. A., & Longbotham, G. J. (2007). Team effectiveness and six essential servant leadership themes: A regression model based on items in the organizational leadership assessment. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 2(2), 98-113.

  • Kiker, D. S., Scully Callahan, J., & Kiker, M. B. (2019). Exploring the Boundaries of Servant Leadership: A Meta-Analysis of the Main and Moderating Effects of Servant Leadership on Behavioral and Affective Outcomes [Article]. Journal of Managerial Issues, 31(2), 172-197. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=keh&AN=137336121&site=ehost-live

  • Komter, A. (2010). The evolutionary origins of human generosity. International Sociology, 25(3), 443-464.

  • Laub, J. (2000). Development of the organizational leadership assessment (OLA) instrument.

  • Laub, J. (2004). Defining servant leadership. A recommended typology for servant leadership studies. Proceedings of the Servant Leadership Research Roundtable. Retrieved October, 5, 2004.

  • Laub, J. (2005). From paternalism to the servant organization: Expanding the Organizational Leadership Assessment (OLA) model. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 1(1), 155-186.

  • Laub, J. (2018). Leveraging the Power of Servant Leadership: Building High Performing Organizations. Springer International Publishing. https://books.google.com/books?id=PBdnDwAAQBAJ

  • Laub, J. A. (1998). Organizational leadership assessment. Retrieved 2/8/2023 from https://olagroup.com/documents/instrument.pdf

  • Laub, J. A. (1999). Assessing the servant organization. Development of the servant organizational leadership (SOLA) instrument.

  • Ledbetter, D. S. (2003). Law enforcement leaders and servant leadership: A reliability study of the Organizational Leadership Assessment. Regent University.

  • Lee, A., Lyubovnikova, J., Tian, A. W., & Knight, C. (2020). Servant leadership: A meta‐analytic examination of incremental contribution, moderation, and mediation [Article]. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 93(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12265

  • Lichtenberg, J. (2009). What is charity? [Article]. Philosophy and Public Policy Quarterly, 29, 16+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A214999689/AONE?u=anon~1e597cf3&sid=googleScholar&xid=233d76b2

  • Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. The leadership quarterly, 19(2), 161-177.

  • List, J. A. (2011). The market for charitable giving. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(2), 157-180.

  • Lytle, R. S., Hom, P. W., & Mokwa, M. P. (1998). SERV∗ OR: A managerial measure of organizational service-orientation. Journal of Retailing, 74(4), 455-489.

  • Malik, N. I., Perveen, S., & Raza, M. M. (2021). GENEROSITY LINKED TO SPIRITUALITY, RESILIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG YOUTH: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF GOODNESS. Humanities(2), 122-128.

  • Martin, W. E., & Bridgmon, K. D. (2012). Quantitative and Statistical Research Methods: From Hypothesis to Results. Wiley. https://books.google.com/books?id=rJK8rr9-xY8C

  • McCarren, P. D., Schwetschenau, H., Lewis-Smith, P. D., Belton, M., LFACHE, L., & Yanovsky, M. (2016). Creation of a multi-rater feedback assessment for the development of servant leaders at the Veterans Health Administration. Servant Leadership: Theory & Practice, 3(1), 2.

  • McCuddy, M., & Cavin, M. (2008). Fundamental moral orientations, servant leadership, and leadership effectiveness: an empirical test. Review of Business Research, 8 (4), 107-117. In.

  • Mcquade, K. E., Harrison, C., & Tarbert, H. (2021). Systematically reviewing servant leadership. European Business Review, 33(3), 465-490.

  • Miears, L. D. (2004). Servant-leadership and job satisfaction: A correlational study in Texas Education Agency Region X public schools. Texas A&M University-Commerce.

  • Najam, U., & Mustamil, N. (2020). Servant leadership: A bibliometric review. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 9(3), 138-155.

  • Nonprofit Impact Matters. (2022).  National Council for Nonprofits. https://www.nonprofitimpactmatters.org/data/downloadable-charts/

  • NonProfit Quarterly. (2020). Giving USA 2020: What Are the Implications for You? - Non Profit News | Nonprofit Quarterly. NonProfit Quarterly. https://nonprofitquarterly.org/giving-usa-2020-what-are-the-implications-for-you/

  • Organ, D. W. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior: It's construct clean-up time. Human performance, 10(2), 85-97.

  • Otuwurunne, M. (2023). Exploring the Relationship between Nurse Supervisor’s Servant Leadership Behavior and Nursing Employee’s Self-Assessment of Engagement and Burnout in Nigeria Seton Hall University].

  • Palumbo, R. (2016). Challenging Servant Leadership In The Nonprofit Sector: The Side Effects Of Servant Leadership - ProQuest. https://www.proquest.com/openview/2f2267fe14e6c357c902620592314ffd/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2037378

  • Parolini, J., Patterson, K., & Winston, B. (2009). Distinguishing between transformational and servant leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30(3), 274-291.

  • Parris, D. L., & Peachey, J. W. (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts. Journal of Business Ethics, 113, 377-393.

  • Patterson, K. A. (2003). Servant leadership: A theoretical model. Regent University.

  • Pawar, A., Sudan, K., Satini, S., & Sunarsi, D. (2020). Organizational Servant Leadership. International Journal of Educational Administration, Management, and Leadership, 63-76.

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of management, 26(3), 513-563.

  • Qualtrics XM - Experience Management Software. (2024).  https://www.qualtrics.com/

  • Rauch, K. E. (2007). Servant leadership and team effectiveness: A study of industrial manufacturing correlation. Indiana Wesleyan University.

  • Reed, L. L., Vidaver-Cohen, D., & Colwell, S. R. (2011). A new scale to measure executive servant leadership: Development, analysis, and implications for research. Journal of Business Ethics, 101, 415-434.

  • Reinke, S. J. (2004). Service before self: Towards a theory of servant-leadership. Global Virtue Ethics Review, 5(3), 30.

  • Rieke, M., Hammermeister, J., & Chase, M. (2008). Servant leadership in sport: A new paradigm for effective coach behavior. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 3(2), 227-239.

  • Rioux, S. M., & Penner, L. A. (2001). The causes of organizational citizenship behavior: a motivational analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 86(6), 1306.

  • Roberts, C. M. (2010). The Dissertation Journey: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide to Planning, Writing, and Defending Your Dissertation. SAGE Publications. https://books.google.com/books?id=YYFuxoeoiWMC

  • Ronsvalle, J., & Ronsvalle, S. (2022). The State of Church Giving Through 2019: Serve God with Money At-Scale Or Serve Money. Wipf & Stock Publishers. https://books.google.com/books?id=mNMGzwEACAAJ

  • Russell, R. F., & Stone, A. G. (2002). A review of servant leadership attributes: Developing a practical model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 23(3), 145-157.

  • Sablosky, R. (2014). Does religion foster generosity? The Social Science Journal, 51(4), 545-555.

  • Schulz, J. F., Thiemann, P., & Thöni, C. (2018). Nudging generosity: Choice architecture and cognitive factors in charitable giving. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 74, 139-145.

  • Sendjaya, S., Eva, N., Butar Butar, I., Robin, M., & Castles, S. (2019). SLBS-6: Validation of a short form of the servant leadership behavior scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 156, 941-956.

  • Servant Leader Performance. (2024).  https://www.servantleaderperformance.com/

  • Spears, L. C. (1995). Reflections on leadership: How Robert K. Greenleaf's theory of servant-leadership influenced today's top management thinkers. John Wiley & Sons.

  • Spears, L. C. (2010). Character and servant leadership: Ten characteristics of effective, caring leaders. The Journal of Virtues & Leadership, 1(1), 25-30.

  • Spears, L. C., & Lawrence, M. (2016). Practicing servant-leadership: Succeeding through trust, bravery, and forgiveness. John Wiley & Sons.

  • Stout, R. (2020). Phenomenological Study on the Impact of Servant Leadership for Establishing a Culture of High Performance as Perceived by Public School District Superintendents [text, OpenDissertations. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ddu&AN=D40A36EF3C91F2C3&site=ehost-live

  • Thompson, R. S. (2002). The perception of servant leadership characteristics and job satisfaction in a church-related college. Indiana State University.

  • Threet, A., Kroth, M., & Carr-Chellman, D. (2021). GRATITUDE, GENEROSITY, AND AN ABUNDANCE MENTALITY: HOW THEY RELATE TO EACH OTHER AND ADULT LEARNING. Actes de, 488.

  • Trochim, W., Donnelly, J., & Arora, K. (2016). Research Methods: The Essential Knowledge Base.

  • Van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of management, 37(4), 1228-1261.

  • Van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011). The servant leadership survey: Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26, 249-267.

  • Van Worth, S. (2015). Exploring the leadership practices of principals of Blue Ribbon Schools. Grand Canyon University.

  • White, D. R. (2016). The Economics of Generosity and Methodological Individualism. American Economic Review, 84(2), 1-9.

  • White, G. (2017). The Dissertation Warrior - The Ultimate Guide to Being the Kind of ?Person Who Finishes a Doctoral Dissertation or Thesis. Triumphant Heart International, Inc. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Dissertation_Warrior/cLMUMQAACAAJ?hl=en

  • Wiepking, P., & Maas, I. (2009). Resources that make you generous: Effects of social and human resources on charitable giving. Social Forces, 87(4), 1973-1995.

  • Wilson, D. F. (2013). Servant leadership and job satisfaction in a multicultural hospitality organization: A quantitative, non-experimental descriptive study. Grand Canyon University.

  • Wong, P. T., & Page, D. (2003). Servant leadership: An opponent-process model and the revised servant leadership profile. Proceedings of the servant leadership research roundtable,

  • Wong, T., & Page, D. (2000). A conceptual framework for measuring servant-leadership. The human factor in shaping the course of history and development.

  • Zeigler-Hill, V., Welling, L. L. M., & Shackelford, T. K. (2015). Evolutionary Perspectives on Social Psychology. Springer International Publishing. https://books.google.com/books?id=zawlCQAAQBAJ

bottom of page